الإمبراطورية الرومانية

The Islamic Monotheism

He is Allah, the One and (Only One). The Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born. Nor is there to Him any equivalent.

The Quran, 112: 1–4

The Christian Debate

Text equivalent of the source diagram: Father, Son and Holy Spirit each connect to God with “is”. Father is not Son; Father is not Holy Spirit; Son is not Holy Spirit. The source also places three question marks around the diagram.

The Islamic monotheist message didn’t enter a vacuum; it entered a world exhausted by three centuries of philosophical clashes about the oneness of God.