الإمبراطورية الرومانية

The split of the Roman Empire into East and West (395 CE): As the empire grew, it became increasingly difficult to manage. In 395 CE, the Roman Empire officially split into two distinct entities: Western and Eastern. The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was Constantinople

(modern-day Istanbul). The Eastern Roman Empire

was later called the Byzantine Empire.

The fall of the Western Empire (476 CE): The Western Roman Empire faced increasing internal problems and external pressures from barbarian invasions, eventually collapsing in 476 CE. The Eastern Roman Empire, however, continued to thrive for another thousand years, preserving Roman law, culture, and traditions.